Bougainvillea - 'Flame' - Everything you need to know

September 12, 2024

Bougainvillea - 'Flame' is a stunning ornamental plant known for its vibrant orange-red bracts, which burst into vivid color, resembling the flickering intensity of flames. These bracts, often mistaken for flowers, surround the plant’s small, white blossoms, creating a dramatic and eye-catching display. Native to South America, Bougainvillea has become a garden favorite in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, thriving in warm climates and full sun. Its vigorous growth and climbing habit make it ideal for covering walls, trellises, and fences, adding bursts of fiery color to landscapes.

The Bougainvillea genus was named after French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville, who introduced it to Europe in the 18th century. Since then, the plant has gained immense popularity for its ability to flourish in challenging conditions with minimal care. The 'Flame' variety stands out for its bold hues, making it a sought-after choice for both residential and commercial landscapes. Its versatility, whether as a sprawling vine, trained shrub, or container plant, allows it to enhance various garden styles. In addition to its aesthetic appeal, Bougainvillea - 'Flame' is also valued for its drought tolerance, making it a practical yet beautiful addition to any sun-soaked garden.

Bougainvillea - 'Flame' is a plant known for its striking appearance and robust growth. Its most distinctive feature is the vivid orange-red bracts, which give the plant its fiery namesake. These bracts, often mistaken for petals, surround small, tubular white flowers. The contrast between the vibrant bracts and the understated flowers creates a unique and visually captivating display, making it a favorite among gardeners and landscapers.

The plant grows as a thorny vine, with mature specimens reaching anywhere from 10 to 40 feet in length, depending on the growing conditions and support structures available. Its vines are covered in sharp thorns, which serve as a defense mechanism against herbivores and add to its rugged, wild aesthetic. The leaves of Bougainvillea - 'Flame' are heart-shaped and dark green, with a slightly waxy texture that helps retain moisture in hot, dry environments. This combination of vivid bracts, dark foliage, and thorny stems makes the plant an attention-grabbing feature in any garden.

Growth Habit

The growth habit of Bougainvillea - 'Flame' is both climbing and sprawling, making it an ideal choice for covering walls, fences, trellises, or arbors. With the right support, the vines will eagerly climb, creating a stunning vertical display of color. However, it is also highly adaptable and can be trained to grow as a free-standing shrub, sprawling ground cover, or even shaped into intricate forms such as bonsai or hedges. It is a fast-growing plant, thriving in warm climates, and can quickly transform an area with its dense foliage and vibrant color.

The versatility of Bougainvillea - 'Flame' makes it suitable for a variety of uses in the garden. It can create dramatic floral cascades when grown in hanging baskets or containers, or it can form colorful screens when allowed to climb structures. With proper pruning and care, it can be shaped and molded to fit the desired aesthetic of any landscape.

Bracts vs. Flowers

One of the most interesting aspects of Bougainvillea - 'Flame' is the difference between its bracts and flowers. The brightly colored orange-red structures that attract the eye are not actually flowers but modified leaves called bracts. These bracts are designed to draw attention to the plant’s true flowers, which are small, white, and relatively inconspicuous. The tubular flowers themselves are typically nestled within the colorful bracts, making them easy to overlook, but they are essential for the plant’s reproduction. While the bracts provide the showy, decorative appeal, it is the flowers that attract pollinators such as bees and butterflies.

Thorns and Defense Mechanism

A defining feature of Bougainvillea - 'Flame' is its thorny stems. These sharp thorns, which can grow to be quite formidable, are a natural defense mechanism. In the wild, these thorns help protect the plant from being eaten by herbivores, allowing it to survive in harsh environments where other plants might struggle. For gardeners, the thorns add a rugged element to the plant's aesthetic but also require careful handling when pruning or training the vines. Proper gloves and tools should always be used when working with Bougainvillea to avoid injury.

Despite its thorny nature, Bougainvillea - 'Flame' is a beloved addition to many gardens, admired for its stunning bracts, versatile growth, and ability to thrive with minimal care.

Climate Requirements

Bougainvillea - 'Flame' thrives in warm climates and is best suited for USDA Hardiness Zones 9-11. It requires plenty of sunlight and heat to reach its full potential, making it a popular choice in tropical and subtropical regions. In these zones, it can grow vigorously year-round, providing brilliant displays of color. However, it is sensitive to cold temperatures, and exposure to frost can damage or even kill the plant. In areas where temperatures drop below freezing, it is essential to protect the plant during cold spells. Gardeners often cover Bougainvillea with frost cloth or bring container-grown plants indoors during winter to prevent frost damage.

The plant’s sensitivity to cold highlights the need for careful planning in temperate climates. Even in its preferred zones, unexpected cold snaps can cause the leaves to drop or weaken the plant. If temperatures are regularly lower, it's best to grow Bougainvillea in pots that can be easily moved to a warmer location when needed.

Soil Preferences

Bougainvillea - 'Flame' is not particularly picky about soil quality but performs best in well-drained soils with a slightly acidic to neutral pH. The key to successful growth lies in ensuring the soil drains efficiently, as this plant does not tolerate soggy conditions. It can even thrive in poor, sandy soils that are often inhospitable to other plants, as long as water does not pool around the roots. This tolerance makes it an excellent choice for drier environments, where nutrient-poor soils may dominate.

While it can survive in sandy soils, incorporating organic matter such as compost or other soil amendments can greatly benefit the plant’s overall health and growth. Organic materials help retain some moisture and provide nutrients, encouraging more prolific blooms. Additionally, compost can help balance the soil pH, ensuring the plant has access to the nutrients it needs.

Light and Watering Needs

Full sun is essential for Bougainvillea - 'Flame' to thrive. It needs at least six hours of direct sunlight daily to bloom properly. Without sufficient sunlight, the plant may grow but produce fewer flowers or display less vibrant colors. In shadier spots, it may focus more energy on leafy growth rather than the fiery bracts that make it so appealing.

While Bougainvillea is drought-tolerant once established, regular watering encourages more vigorous growth and blooming. However, it’s important to strike a balance, as overwatering can lead to root rot, fungal diseases, and other issues that can quickly harm the plant. It’s best to allow the soil to dry out slightly between waterings, especially in containers, where excess water can become trapped. Proper drainage and avoiding waterlogged conditions are critical to keeping the roots healthy.

Humidity and Air Circulation

In its natural environment, Bougainvillea - 'Flame' enjoys moderate humidity, typical of tropical or subtropical climates. Although it is adaptable, high humidity helps it grow stronger and develop better foliage. However, it is important to maintain good air circulation around the plant to avoid fungal problems. Dense growth can lead to stagnant air, especially in humid regions, which can create an environment conducive to mildew or other fungal issues. Pruning to keep the plant well-ventilated and spacing it properly from other plants or structures can help ensure adequate airflow.

With the right combination of sunlight, well-drained soil, and careful watering, Bougainvillea - 'Flame' can flourish, rewarding gardeners with dazzling displays of color throughout the growing season.

Propagation and Planting Techniques

Bougainvillea - 'Flame' can be propagated and planted in various ways, allowing gardeners to expand their collections or create new vibrant displays. Here’s a detailed guide on the propagation methods and planting techniques for this plant.

Methods of Propagation

1. Cuttings

Propagation from cuttings is the most reliable and common method for Bougainvillea - 'Flame'. Semi-hardwood cuttings, which are taken from the plant during its active growing season, tend to root more easily.

Step-by-step Guide for Cuttings:

Select a healthy plant: Choose a mature, healthy vine with firm stems but not fully woody.
Take the cutting: Use a clean, sharp pair of pruning shears to cut a 6-8 inch section of semi-hardwood (partially matured) stem just below a leaf node.
Remove leaves: Strip the lower two-thirds of the leaves from the cutting to reduce moisture loss.
Apply rooting hormone (optional): Dip the cut end into rooting hormone powder to encourage faster root development.
Plant the cutting: Insert the cutting into a well-draining potting mix (preferably a mix of sand and perlite or peat moss). Water the soil lightly.
Maintain humidity: Cover the pot with a plastic bag or use a propagator to maintain humidity. Place it in a warm location with indirect sunlight.
Wait for rooting: Roots should begin forming in 6-10 weeks. Once the cutting has established roots, it can be transplanted into a larger container or the garden.

2. Layering

Layering involves rooting a branch while it is still attached to the parent plant. This method works well for Bougainvillea because the plant's flexible vines are easy to manipulate.

Steps for Layering:

Choose a healthy vine: Select a long, healthy vine that can be bent down to the soil.
Bury a section: Scrape a small section of the vine to expose the green stem, then bury this section under the soil in a nearby pot or directly in the ground, leaving the vine’s tip exposed.
Secure the vine: Pin the buried section down with a U-shaped pin or a small rock to keep it in place.
Wait for roots: After several weeks to a few months, roots will begin to develop where the vine was buried.
Transplant: Once roots are established, the new plant can be cut away from the parent and transplanted.

3. Seeds

Although Bougainvillea can be propagated by seeds, this method is less common and typically slower compared to cuttings or layering. Seeds can be harvested from the small flowers, but germination rates are lower, and the resulting plant may not exhibit the same characteristics as the parent.

Seed Propagation:

Viability: Seeds often take much longer to germinate and grow compared to cuttings, sometimes taking several months or even a year to produce a mature plant.
Usefulness: Seed propagation is often used in commercial or large-scale operations but is not recommended for home gardeners seeking faster results.

Planting Guide

Best Time to Plant

Bougainvillea - 'Flame' should be planted during spring or summer for optimal growth. These warmer seasons allow the plant to establish its roots before cooler weather sets in.

Step-by-step Planting Instructions

Select a location: Choose a sunny spot that receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight each day.
Prepare the soil: Ensure the soil is well-draining. If planting in the garden, amend heavy clay or poor soil with sand or organic matter to improve drainage.
Dig a hole: For ground planting, dig a hole twice as wide as the root ball and slightly shallower than its depth. For containers, ensure the pot has drainage holes.
Plant the bougainvillea: Place the plant into the hole or container, making sure not to bury the root crown (where the trunk meets the roots). Backfill with soil.
Water thoroughly: Water the plant well after planting but ensure the soil dries out between subsequent waterings.

Spacing Requirements

When planting multiple Bougainvillea plants, space them about 3-5 feet apart to allow for healthy air circulation and room for their sprawling growth habit.

Container vs. Ground Planting

Advantages of Container Planting

Mobility: Growing Bougainvillea - 'Flame* in containers allows for easy mobility, especially in areas prone to cold temperatures. Containers can be moved indoors or to a protected space during colder months.
Control: Containers allow for more control over soil quality, watering, and size.

Disadvantages of Container Planting

Root-bound issues: Bougainvillea can become root-bound in containers, which restricts growth and flowering. Repotting may be necessary every few years.
Watering challenges: Container-grown plants tend to dry out faster, requiring more frequent monitoring.

Specific Care for Container-grown Plants

Choose a container large enough to allow the roots to spread, with good drainage to prevent waterlogging. Start with a pot that is at least 18 inches wide.
Use a well-draining potting mix, and consider adding perlite or sand for extra aeration.
Repot every 2-3 years, or when the plant becomes root-bound, to encourage continued growth.

Training and Support

Techniques for Training

Bougainvillea - 'Flame' is a vigorous climber and requires support to achieve its full growth potential. Training it on trellises, arbors, or walls can help showcase its colorful bracts and keep the growth contained.

Steps for Training:

Install support: Set up a sturdy trellis or wire support before planting to avoid disturbing the roots later.
Tie the vines: As the plant grows, gently tie the vines to the support structure with garden ties or soft twine to guide the direction of growth.
Prune regularly: Prune the plant to encourage branching and denser growth. This also helps shape the plant as it climbs.

Pruning and Shaping

Regular pruning is essential to maintain the shape and size of Bougainvillea. By pruning after each bloom cycle, you can stimulate new growth and ensure the plant stays within the desired form, whether grown as a climbing vine or a compact shrub.

By following these propagation and planting techniques, gardeners can successfully cultivate Bougainvillea - 'Flame' and enjoy its vibrant colors and vigorous growth for years to come.

Pruning and Maintenance

Proper pruning and maintenance of Bougainvillea - 'Flame' are essential to keep the plant healthy, encourage blooming, and control its vigorous growth. Following a regular pruning schedule and employing appropriate techniques will help maintain the plant's stunning display while managing its often aggressive growth habit.

Pruning Schedule

Pruning should be done at strategic times to ensure the plant produces new growth and blooms. The best time to prune Bougainvillea - 'Flame' is immediately after a bloom cycle. This timing allows the plant to focus its energy on producing new growth, which leads to more flowers in the next blooming cycle.

After Flowering: Pruning after flowering encourages the plant to produce new shoots. This is important because Bougainvillea blooms on new growth. By cutting back the older, leggy branches, you create space for fresh, flower-producing stems.
Managing Leggy Growth: If the plant becomes too leggy, or if vines are growing out of control, trim them back to two-thirds of their length. This will not only keep the plant manageable but also promote a fuller, bushier appearance.
Sanitation: Always clean and sterilize pruning tools before and after use to prevent the spread of diseases. This is especially important for Bougainvillea because fungal infections can easily spread through cuts in the plant if tools are not properly sanitized.

Shaping and Styling

Bougainvillea - 'Flame' can be pruned and trained into various shapes and forms, adding versatility to its ornamental value. With regular maintenance, it can be grown as a free-form vine, trained into a topiary, or even cultivated as a bonsai.

Bonsai and Topiary: To shape Bougainvillea into a bonsai or topiary, begin by choosing a central leader stem and trimming back excess side branches. Consistent pruning is required to maintain the desired shape. For bonsai, focus on cutting back the roots as well to control the size of the plant.
Controlling Growth: While Bougainvillea is known for its vigorous growth, controlling it with regular pruning will not stunt the plant's natural beauty. Instead, it will make the plant healthier and more aesthetically pleasing by keeping it from becoming overgrown.

Deadheading and Removing Spent Bracts

Deadheading, or the removal of spent bracts and flowers, is an important part of maintaining Bougainvillea - 'Flame'. By removing dead or faded bracts, you encourage the plant to produce new blooms.

Continuous Flowering: Deadheading helps redirect the plant’s energy towards producing more bracts and flowers. While regular deadheading is beneficial, it's important not to over-prune. Balance deadheading with overall pruning to avoid excessive removal of foliage.
Focus on Blooming: Removing spent bracts also helps keep the plant looking fresh and tidy, while promoting continuous flowering throughout the growing season.

Handling Thorns

Bougainvillea - 'Flame' is a thorny plant, and its sharp thorns can make pruning and maintenance challenging. To avoid injury and damage to the plant, use the right tools and techniques when handling the vines.

Gloves and Tools: Wear thick gardening gloves when pruning to protect your hands from the thorns. Additionally, use long-handled pruning shears to reach deep into the plant without risking injury.
Gentle Handling: When handling the thorny vines, be careful not to tug or twist them too hard, as this could damage the stems. Instead, gently guide the vines into place and use soft garden ties to secure them to supports, such as trellises or arbors.

With proper pruning, deadheading, and care, Bougainvillea - 'Flame' will continue to thrive, producing an abundance of vibrant bracts and maintaining its striking form throughout the year. Regular maintenance not only ensures the plant's health but also enhances its visual appeal in any garden or landscape setting.

Common Problems and Solutions

Bougainvillea - 'Flame' can face several issues related to pests, diseases, nutrient deficiencies, and environmental stress. Addressing these problems promptly ensures the plant remains healthy and vibrant.

Pests

Aphids, Mealybugs, and Whiteflies:

Identification: Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that cluster on new growth, causing curled or distorted leaves. Mealybugs appear as white, cottony masses on stems and leaves, while whiteflies are tiny, white, moth-like insects that fly up when the plant is disturbed.
Organic Pest Control: Neem oil and insecticidal soaps are effective organic solutions. Neem oil disrupts the life cycle of pests and repels them, while insecticidal soaps suffocate insects. Apply these treatments according to the manufacturer's instructions, targeting the affected areas of the plant.
Natural Predators: Attracting beneficial insects such as ladybugs and lacewings can help control pest populations. These natural predators feed on aphids, mealybugs, and whiteflies, providing a natural form of pest management.

Diseases

Fungal Issues:

Symptoms: Overwatering or poor air circulation can lead to fungal problems such as leaf spots, root rot, and mildew. Leaf spots appear as discolored patches on leaves, while root rot causes wilting and stunted growth. Mildew manifests as a white, powdery coating on leaves.
Prevention and Treatment: Ensure proper drainage and avoid overwatering. Improve air circulation by spacing plants adequately and pruning to reduce density. Remove and dispose of affected plant parts to prevent the spread of disease. Fungicidal treatments may be necessary for severe cases, but maintaining proper cultural practices is key to prevention.

Nutrient Deficiencies

Yellow Leaves:

Indications: Yellowing leaves can indicate deficiencies in iron or nitrogen. Iron deficiency typically causes interveinal chlorosis (yellowing between leaf veins), while nitrogen deficiency leads to overall yellowing and stunted growth.
Fertilizing Tips: Use a balanced fertilizer to address nitrogen deficiencies and a specific iron supplement for iron deficiencies. Conduct a soil test to determine the exact nutrient needs and adjust fertilization accordingly. Incorporate organic matter or compost to improve soil fertility and structure.

Environmental Stress

Sunburned Leaves and Poor Blooming:

Causes: Sunburned leaves may occur if the plant is suddenly exposed to intense sunlight or if it lacks adequate shade during peak hours. Poor blooming can result from insufficient sunlight or abrupt temperature changes.
Solutions: Gradually acclimate the plant to full sun exposure to prevent sunburn. Ensure Bougainvillea receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily. For temperature stress, provide protection during extreme weather changes by moving container plants to sheltered areas or using shade cloth for garden plants.

By addressing these common problems with appropriate measures, you can ensure that Bougainvillea - 'Flame' remains a healthy and vibrant addition to your garden, continuing to showcase its fiery blooms and robust growth.

Seasonal Care

Spring and Summer

Spring and summer are the active growth periods for Bougainvillea - 'Flame', and proper care during these seasons is crucial to ensure a vibrant display of blooms.

Fertilizing: During these active months, feed the plant with a balanced, slow-release fertilizer or one high in phosphorus to promote flowering. A monthly application is typically sufficient to support vigorous growth and abundant blooms.
Pruning: Regular pruning in early spring helps to shape the plant and remove any dead or weak growth from the previous season. Cutting back old wood encourages new growth and enhances blooming. After flowering, additional light pruning can be done to maintain the plant’s form and remove spent bracts.
Watering: Increase watering as the weather warms up to keep the soil consistently moist, but ensure it is well-draining to prevent root rot. Once established, Bougainvillea - 'Flame' can tolerate brief dry periods, but regular watering will help it produce more flowers.
Maximizing Blooming: To maximize blooms, ensure the plant receives full sun exposure (at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily). Adequate sunlight is essential for the plant to produce its characteristic vibrant bracts. Additionally, deadhead spent blooms to encourage continuous flowering throughout the warmer months.

Fall and Winter

As the growing season ends and temperatures drop, Bougainvillea - 'Flame' enters a period of dormancy. Adjusting care routines helps the plant transition smoothly through this phase.

Reducing Watering: Cut back on watering as the plant’s growth slows down. Allow the soil to dry out more between waterings to prevent root rot during the cooler months. However, do not let the plant become completely dry.
Avoiding Fertilization: Refrain from fertilizing during fall and winter, as the plant is not actively growing. Excess nutrients can lead to imbalances and may encourage unwanted growth.
Protection During Colder Months: For outdoor plants in colder climates, protect Bougainvillea - 'Flame' with frost cloths or other coverings during frost events. Container-grown plants should be moved to a sheltered area or indoors to avoid exposure to freezing temperatures.
Preparing for the Next Season: Inspect the plant for any damage or disease and address any issues before the plant resumes active growth in spring. Ensure the plant is clean and healthy, and adjust its position to maximize sunlight exposure as the days lengthen.

Overwintering in Colder Climates

For those in colder climates where Bougainvillea cannot remain outdoors year-round, overwintering indoors or in greenhouses is necessary.

Indoor Overwintering: Move potted plants indoors to a sunny location with bright, indirect light. Ensure the space has good air circulation and maintain a slightly drier soil environment to prevent root rot.
Greenhouse Overwintering: If overwintering in a greenhouse, keep the temperature above freezing and reduce watering. Ensure adequate light levels are maintained to support the plant through its dormant period.

Landscape Use and Design Ideas

Climbing Walls, Fences, and Trellises

Bougainvillea - 'Flame' is an excellent choice for creating dramatic vertical displays in the garden.

Vertical Color Displays: Train Bougainvillea on walls, fences, or trellises to create vibrant, cascading floral displays. Its vigorous climbing nature allows it to cover large areas with stunning color.
Support Structures: Due to its aggressive growth, ensure that support structures are sturdy and capable of supporting the weight of the plant. Regular maintenance and tying of new growth to the support structure will help manage its spread.

Container Gardening and Hanging Baskets

Container gardening allows for flexible placement and design of Bougainvillea - 'Flame'.

Design Ideas: Use large containers or hanging baskets to create striking floral displays. For hanging baskets, choose varieties with trailing growth habits to showcase cascading blooms.
Positioning Containers: Place containers in a location that receives ample sunlight. Ensure proper drainage and monitor watering closely, as container plants can dry out faster than those in the ground.

Creating Privacy Hedges

Bougainvillea - 'Flame' can also be used to create natural privacy screens.

Privacy Screens: Plant Bougainvillea in a row or staggered pattern to form a dense, flowering hedge that provides both beauty and privacy. Regular pruning helps maintain a dense and compact hedge form.
Pruning Techniques: To keep the hedge looking neat and prevent it from becoming too leggy, prune regularly to control its shape and encourage a dense growth habit.

Combining with Other Plants

Bougainvillea - 'Flame' pairs well with other plants in various landscaping designs.

Companion Planting: Combine Bougainvillea with drought-tolerant plants such as palms or succulents to complement its vibrant colors and low water needs. This pairing can create a visually appealing and low-maintenance garden.
Color and Texture: Choose companions with contrasting colors or textures to enhance the visual interest and overall design of the landscape. The bold bracts of Bougainvillea provide a striking backdrop for various plant combinations.

By understanding the seasonal needs and creative uses of Bougainvillea - 'Flame', gardeners can ensure this plant remains a spectacular feature in their landscapes throughout the year.

Bougainvillea 'Flame' in Different Garden Styles

Mediterranean and Desert Gardens

Bougainvillea - 'Flame' is a quintessential choice for Mediterranean and desert garden styles due to its vibrant, warm hues and resilience in arid conditions.

Mediterranean Gardens: Its fiery bracts perfectly complement the sun-drenched, relaxed aesthetic of Mediterranean gardens. The vivid orange-red bracts provide a striking contrast against traditional terracotta pots and stucco walls, enhancing the garden's color palette.
Pairing Elements: Combine Bougainvillea - 'Flame' with other xeriscaping elements such as cacti and succulents. These plants thrive in similar dry conditions and their varied textures and forms create a dynamic landscape. The use of terracotta pots and gravel paths further reinforces the Mediterranean feel, offering a harmonious blend of color and function.

Tropical Gardens

In tropical gardens, Bougainvillea - 'Flame' adds a splash of vibrant color amidst lush greenery.

Enhancing Aesthetics: The bright, fiery bracts of Bougainvillea - 'Flame' contrast beautifully with the deep greens of tropical plants. Its bold hues enhance the lush, vibrant atmosphere typical of tropical settings.
Ideal Combinations: Pair Bougainvillea with large, dramatic plants such as palms, ferns, and orchids. These plants complement its vibrant colors and contribute to a rich, exotic garden environment. The cascading growth habit of Bougainvillea also works well in creating lush, layered plantings.

Urban and Small Gardens

For urban and smaller garden spaces, Bougainvillea - 'Flame' can still make a significant impact with thoughtful placement.

Utilizing Limited Space: Use wall-mounted planters and vertical gardening techniques to maximize space. Bougainvillea - 'Flame’ can be trained to climb up walls or trellises, providing a vibrant display without requiring extensive ground space.
Vertical Gardening: Vertical planters and hanging baskets allow urban gardeners to incorporate Bougainvillea - 'Flame' into their spaces. These methods enable the plant to cascade beautifully, adding color and texture to small balconies or garden walls.

Conclusion

Bougainvillea - 'Flame' offers a stunning, low-maintenance solution for adding vibrant color to various garden settings. Its adaptability to warm climates and diverse garden styles—ranging from Mediterranean to tropical and urban—makes it a versatile choice for gardeners looking to enhance their landscapes year-round. Whether used to create dramatic vertical displays or to brighten smaller urban spaces, Bougainvillea - 'Flame' proves to be an excellent addition to any garden, providing year-round beauty and a burst of color wherever it’s planted.

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